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Postmaterialist values and entrepreneurship. A multilevel approach.
April 19, 2013 Editor 0
Abstract
Purpose – Postmaterialist values (autonomy, self-expression, fulfilment of personal goals) have been shown to predict entrepreneurship at the country level. In this paper we aim to expand previous research by testing the relationship between postmaterialism and entrepreneurship at the individual level across 39 countries.
Design/methodology/approach – In a series of multilevel models, with individuals nested within countries, we tested whether individuals’ postmaterialist values predict the probability of becoming an entrepreneur after controlling for income level, age, gender and education level. To do this we used Inglehart’s 12-item Postmaterialism-index. Data was taken from the 1999-2004 database of the World Value Survey on approximately forty-five thousand subjects from 39 countries. Models with random intercepts and random slopes were calculated.
Findings – This paper presents evidence on three issues: postmaterialism decreases a person’s likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur; the effect of postmaterialism on entrepreneurship varies across countries; and this effect is more negative in countries with high levels of entrepreneurship.
Research limitations/implications – Theoretical implications: individuals with materialist values are more likely to be entrepreneurs than postmaterialist individuals. This finding provides support to the hypothesis that entrepreneurs are basically economically driven people.
Practical implications – Practical implications: the efficacy of public policies to promote entrepreneurial activity could be overshadowed by more deeply-rooted cultural orientations, postmaterialism in this case.
Originality/value – The relationship between postmaterialism and entrepreneurship has been studied previously using countries as the unit of analysis; this paper’s main contribution is that it expands this line of research to the individual level of analysis.
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